Social Cultural Impacts of Tourism

Social Cultural Impacts of Tourism Introduction The social cultural impact of tourism refers to the positive and negative effect or impact of tourism on the cultural heritage, traditions, customs, and social life style of host communities. This paper will look at the positive and negative socios of authentic cultural elements that may be staged out of context for tourists include traditional dances, certain rituals or practices, the wearing of traditional dresses purely for the benefit of tourists, and the re-enactment of long gone or ancient lifestyles. In all the above, while these elements may be an authentic representation of how the hosts used to live, they may not be a true reflection of how they live today, and hence the representation is reduced to a mere staging of something. As an example, think of an authentic traditional dance performance by singers in animal skins at the Market Theatre in Johannesburg. The problem with this performance is that it may not be a true reflection of the contemporary and living culture of the place, and might even reinforce tourist’s perception that, in this particular case, Africans are still primitive.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Factors that Influence the Social Cultural Impact of Tourism In general, the social cultural impact of tourism is not the same across the world, and a number of factors affect the impact of tourism on any community. Ordinarily, most tourist-host interactions occur at the tourist destination region, when tourists purchase goods and services from local people, when tourists and local residents use the same facilities such as beaches, shops, restaurants, and other amenities and infrastructure, or when they purposefully meet to exchange ideas and information. The type of interaction between tourists and hosts influence the relationship and the attitudes they have towards each other, and this in turn influences the social cultural impact of tourism (Wang Pfister 2008). The tourist-host relationship and thus the social cultural impact of tourism is affected by the differences between tourists and hosts, the type of contact between tourists and hosts, the importance of tourism in a commun ity, and community tolerance threshold which refers to how willing a community is to bear the inflow of tourists and their influences. These are discussed as follows. Differences between Tourists and Hosts The differences between tourists and hosts that can affect the social cultural impact of tourism are their basic value and logic systems, religious beliefs, traditions, customs, lifestyles, behavioral patterns, dress codes, sense of time budgeting, and attitudes towards strangers. Basic Value and Logic Systems The values and the logic systems of a host community and tourists will determine what they value and how they value it. If the hosts and tourists have different values and logic systems, it could cause attraction or resentment whenever there is an interaction. Religion, Traditions, and Customs When tourists and hosts belonging to different religions come into contact with one another, there are likely to be shocks and new discoveries. For example, the public display of affec tion between males and female Christian tourists may be shocking to many Muslims in the Middle East. Contact between tourists and hosts whose traditions differ might cause greater impact. For example, the scantily dressed tourist may, in the long run, impact on the dress code of many rural communities in Africa. The reaction might be to copy them or loathe them for not adhering to local norms and social codes. Variations in traditional practices can be found even among people of the same race and language. The similarity of customs between the guest and the hosts lessen the possibility of misunderstanding each other. For example, tourists from Cape Town visiting Durban will find many customary similarities to their hosts and may not have any impact on their host community. Differences in customs, however, do not always mean that there will be a negative social cultural impact. Lifestyle Lifestyle differences can be caused by income differences. The rich tend to lead similar lifestyl es even though their cultures may not be identical, as the way they spend their money on property, travel, and entertainment, for example, is usually similar. Such lifestyle differences might have an impact if the hosts copy, envy, or morally judge the tourists, or vice versa (Pizam 1978, p. 98). Dress Code When the dress code of tourists is different from that of hosts, the hosts tend to be either attracted to or offended by the dress of the visitors. In most cases, the hosts tend to envy and copy the dress style of tourists, which may not always be acceptable. Sense of Time Budgeting People from developed countries generally value time and think that it is polite to be on time for appointments. On the other hand, people from developing countries generally have a more relaxed attitude towards time, and are not as strict in keeping appointments. Such differences can be a source of misunderstanding or even conflict between tourists and the host community. Attitude towards Strangers S ome cultures and societies view strangers with suspicion while other cultures are more open towards outsiders. The more open the host communities are towards strangers, the greater the social cultural impact of tourism is likely to be on them. Type of Contact between Tourists and Hosts The type of activities tourists engage in, such as passive or active activities, can determine the type of contact and level of interaction with a community. The more active the activity, the greater the interaction with the host community, and the more likely tourism is to have an impact on them (Lankford 1994, p. 35). For example, formal contact, as in the case where tourists receive services from their hosts, makes it necessary for tourists and the local community to interact with each other and is a platform where cultures, norms, and values are exchanged. Thus, it is an opportunity for both parties to copy the behavior and mannerisms of the other. In a similar way, informal contact that takes pla ce where tourists and hosts share the same facilities such as stadiums, streets, or beaches may have either a good or bad influence on tourists or hosts or both. The Importance of Tourism in the Community The way tourism is perceived by the local people in communities, especially their perceptions about its importance to their livelihood, will impact on tourist-host relationship. In cases where there is an excitement about tourists and the benefits that their presence will bring, the tourist-host relationship is usually good due to mutual admiration between tourists and their hosts (Hafeznia et al. 2007). In contrast, when the novelty of meeting new cultures wears off and tourists begin to irritate the locals, probably due to their large numbers, their competing for the limited resources with locals, or the real or perceived ills that tourists bring, tourism might be seen as having less importance and a more antagonistic relationship will begin to develop (Huang Stewart 1996). Comm unity Tolerance Threshold As stated earlier community tolerance threshold refers to how willing a community is to bear the inflow of tourists and their influences. Where the members of a community are less irritable and able to accept tourists regardless of their mannerisms, then tourism will have an impact on them (Aref Redzuan 2010). On the other hand, when members of the host community are irritable, it becomes very difficult for tourists to penetrate their society and the tourism will have little or no impact at all on the local community. Conclusion As explained in this paper, the social cultural impact of tourism is not the same across the world. Various factors that differ from location to location influence not only the type of impact, but also whether those impacts will be negative or positive. The type of interaction between tourists and hosts influences their relationship and the attitudes they have towards one another, and this in turn influences the social cultural imp act of tourism. Typically, the tourist-host relationship and thus the social cultural impact of tourism are affected by differences between tourists and the host communities. Other factors are the type of contacts created and how tourism is regarded by the local community. The location of tourism, such as a rural or urban location or in a developed or developing country, determines whether the social cultural impact on the location will be positive or negative. To a great extent, the number of tourists visiting a location affects the level of impact on the host community. For example, a large number of tourists will have a greater influence on the host community, because there are many chances of a local person meeting a tourist. The origin of tourists also affects the social cultural impact of tourism because there might be notable differences between them and the hosts due to their origin, which might intensify the impact. The stage of tourism development in a destination affects the host community’s knowledge of tourism and attitude towards tourists, and its reaction to tourism. Reactions of host communities in the development stage can include hostility, lack of charity, and imitation. These in turn affect the nature of social cultural impacts that result from tourism. To some degree, the length of the tourist season influences the intensity of the social cultural impact. The longer the interaction, the greater the impact of tourism on the host community will be. Reference List Allen, LR, Hafer, HR, Long, PT Perdue, RR, 1993, ‘Rural Residents’ Attitudes toward Recreation and Tourism Development’, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 27 – 33. Aref, F Redzuan, M 2010, ‘Community Leaders’ Perceptions towards Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism on Local Communities’, Journal of Human Ecology, 29 (2): 87 – 91. Green, R 2005, ‘Community Perceptions of Environmental and Social Change an d Tourism Development on the Island of Koh Samui, Thailand’, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25 (1): 37 – 56. Hafeznia, R, Eftekhari, A Ramazani, I 2007, ‘A Comparative Study on the Tourism Policies in Pre and Post Islamic Revolution of Iran, Case Study: Babolsar in the Coast of Caspian Sea’. Journal of Applied Sciences, 7 (24): 3836 – 3874. Huang, Y Stewart, P 1996, ‘Rural tourism development: Shifting basis of community solidarity’, Journal of Travel Research, 35 (4): 26 – 31. Lankford, S 1994, ‘Attitudes and Perceptions toward Tourism and Rural Regional Development’, Journal of Travel Research, 32 (3): 35 – 43. Liu, Z 2003, ‘Sustainable Tourism Development: A Critique’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11 (6): 459 – 475. Long, PT, Perdue, RR Allen, L 1990, ‘Rural Resident Tourism Perceptions and Attitudes by Community Level of Tourism’, Journal of Travel Research, Vol . 28, No. 3, pp. 3 – 9. McGehee, G Andereck, L 2004, ‘Factors Predicting Rural Residents’ Support of Tourism’, Journal of Travel Research, 43: 131 – 140. Murphy, PE 1981, ‘Community Attitudes to Tourism: A Comparative Analysis’, International Journal of Tourism Management, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp.189 – 195. Pizam, A 1978, ‘Tourism Impacts: The Social Costs To The Destination Community as Perceived by Its Residents’, Journal of Travel Research, 16: 8 – 12. Wang, Y Pfister, E 2008, ‘Residents’ Attitudes toward Tourism and Perceived Personal Benefits in a Rural Community’, Journal of Travel Research, 47: 84 – 93.

Profitability, ROCE, Gross profit margin,Operating margin, Net profit Assignment

Profitability, ROCE, Gross profit margin,Operating margin, Net profit of British airways and Lufthansa - Assignment Example Therefore, return on capital employed ratio indicates the return generated by every investment made as capital employed. Concerning British airways, in 2012 and 2013, ROCE was 1.31% and 3.95% respectively. This means that in the year 2012, 1.31% of the company’s net profit was generated by the company’s capital employed. However, the company’s ROCE increased to 3.95 % in the year 2013 due to an increase in the net profit by  £ 197 million. ROCE can be used to determine the viability of a project. In order to maintain a higher level of ROCE, the company should improve its cost reduction strategies to increase the level of net profit. Comparatively, Lufthansa airways’ ROCE in the year 2012 and 2013 was 6.6% and 1.8 % respectively. The decrease in Lufthansa’s ROCE between the two years is attributed to a sharp decrease in the company’s net profit. this sharp decrease was caused by an increase in the operating activities. Therefore, in the year 2013, British airways had a higher ROCE than Lufthansa airways for the reason that Lufthansa airways had a higher proportion of net assets to net profit. Consequently, British airways’s net assets generated more returns than Lufthansa’s (Duncan 2009, pp. 42-44). Gross profit margin – the ratio indicates a company’s financial health after meeting the cost of sales. It also indicates the company’s ability to pay for future operating costs. Concerning British airways, the ratio for 2012 and 2013 are 95.8% and 96.2% respectively. This means that in the year 2013, 96.2 % of the total revenue were gross profit, whereas, the remaining 3.8% of sales were consumed by costs related to sales. The ratio increased compared to that of the previous year. The increase is attributed to a more than proportionate increase in the gross profit. From this analysis, it can be concluded that British airway’s level of production efficiency is high due to the effective management of cost related to sales. Comparatively, the

Creating a Manual for Better Service, Safety and Employee Relations Essay

Creating a Manual for Better Service, Safety and Employee Relations - Essay Example The need for an employee handbook became evident at the restaurant due to the high level of turnover among the wait staff and the cooks. It became apparent that many of the questions that new employees had were not being addressed during the new employee training, and there was not always opportunity to explain things to them during the busy hours in the restaurant. What the new employees needed was a manual that could be a ready reference with answers to frequently asked questions about cooking, serving, cleaning and customer service.The manual also needed to summarize policies concerning work-related issues such as paid leave, health benefits, sick days and performance reviews so employees that had acquired some longevity would always know what their rights and responsibilities were. Some skills developed in prior academic classes were utilized in this class. The writing in the manual needed to be clear and concise.This was difficult to do. The most important information in each ca tegory needed to be included, and nothing more. There was  a page and word limit that forced the language in the manual to be very direct. These constraints were placed upon the project by the print shop. The manual needed to be an asset number of pages with a specific page layout or the costs increased dramatically. The word and page restrictions forced me to use writing and summarizing skills learned in prior academic courses. A business law class was helpful in giving guidance when writing the section on employee rights.... The manual needed to be as set number of pages with a specific page layout or the costs increased dramatically. The word and page restrictions forced me to use writing and summarizing skills learned in prior academic courses. A business law class was helpful in giving guidance when writing the section on employee rights and benefits. This class assisted in writing in a manner that clearly spelled out rights and consequences for behaviors such as being late for work or not calling off when sick. Business law taught me that ambiguity in company policies could lead to legal challenges and conflict (Lewin, 2001). Management courses also informed the overall tone of the manual. Managing through positive, enthusiastic leadership was stressed in a few management related classes. As a result, attempts to interject good humor and a feeling of light into the manual were taken as often as possible. The goal was to create a document that was accessible to the employees and a bit of fun to read. The only more important goal than this one was the desire to make the manual factual and fair. These skills learned in prior academic classes were very helpful during the practicum. The majority of learning happened as the task was being completed and interaction increased with the employees of the restaurant. Especially helpful in the process was an employee that was a teacher in a middle school for many years. She became interested in the project and spent much of the time advising on various ways. She recognized the value of the project and wanted to help. Her greatest sharing of knowledge dealt with the physical content and layout of the manual. She shared that individuals that struggle to read need manuals and books that are rich in graphics, pictures and charts that

The Renaissance Essay Example for Free

The Renaissance Essay The Renaissance can be considered as the golden age of the arts and of intellectual pursuits. Literally called as a ‘rebirth,’ the Renaissance was a period in Western civilization serving as a gateway to the modern age. By going back to the classical texts that were made from the heydays of the Greek and Roman Empire, this period allow this buried knowledge to be unearthed and expanded. It was basically focused on enriching and utilizing the capabilities of the human mind not just manifested in the academic or artistic growth but as well as to social change. One concept of that has been developed in this period was Humanism. This pertains to the aspect of human intellect as the developer of all things. Though there is the belief that God is the source of all creation, it is the human mind which cultivated and brought progression as well as maintaining world order. The active participation of using human intellect progressed into developing new ideals in the field of arts, politics, religion, and society. As Renaissance gradually spread throughout, the need for reformation intensified. As people were encouraged to think, to ask, and to examine everything to be able to use the capabilities of human mind, society started to demand change. Subsequently this desire for change led to many drastic developments which shaped the early stages of the modern era. Renaissance can be described as the period of upheavals of innovations. â€Å"What the renaissance achieved for the modern world was the liberation of the reason, the power of starting on a new career of progress† (Symond, 2006, p. 118). With the limitless possibilities that were offered the moment people went back for the hidden knowledge of classical antiquity, human intellect did not from discovering new horizons which paved the way for innovations which progressed further into the modern era. The Renaissance opened the doors for a huge intellectual exercise which eventually led to the most important progress of human history. The freedom to expand reasoning in all aspect of knowledge became a huge stepping stone for human and social development. Reference Symonds, J. A. (2006). Renaissance in Italy. London: BiblioBazaar. 1 page Apa 1 source In what ways is the Renaissance the `portal` to the modern age?

Investigate whether firelighter, wood, ethanol, paraffin or wax contains the most energy :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Investigate whether firelighter, wood, ethanol, paraffin or wax contains the most energy Energy In Different Fuels Aim: I am going to investigate which fuels contain the most energy between; firelighter, wood, ethanol, paraffin and wax. Prediction: I think that the fuel that contains the most energy is the one that produces the highest rise in temperature of the water. I know this because†¦ Heat + fuel + oxygen => CO2 + H20 + energy. The energy realised is heat and light energy, which is dependent on the chemical potential energy in the fuel. The greater the chemical potential energy the more energy is transferred as heat and light; the greater the rise in temperature. And because of the fire triangle: tri2.gif (22406 bytes) Apparatus: List: Stop watch Thermometer Splint Clamp Matches Boiling tube Heat proof mat Fuels: Firelighter, Wood, Ethanol, Paraffin, Wax. Method (Preliminary test): first of all, I will make sure I take all of the safety precautions, I.e. tie back long hair, use goggles and make sure the room is well ventilated. Secondly I will set out the apparatus and get all the equipment from the list (shown on the previous page). Using the measuring cylinder, I will put 20cm3 of distilled water into a boiling tube, and take the starting temperature. In order to make this a fair test I will burn the fuel for one minute only, use 20cm3 of water and make sure the tip of the fuel’s flame is under the boiling tube. After the minute is up, I will blow out the flame or place the lid of the fuel over it, (cutting off the oxygen). I will then take the finial temperature. Then I will repeat the experiment for the other four fuels, in order to establish which two fuels produced the highest rise in temperature of the water. Method - Comparison: I will then compare these two fuels by heating them until they get to a certain temperature noting down the time every time the temperature increases by 10 °C in order to form a scatter graph using line of best fit. I will use step one and most of step two from the preliminary test (first of all, I will make sure I take all of the safety precautions, I.e. tie back long hair, use goggles and make sure the room is well ventilated. Secondly I will set out the apparatus and get all the equipment from the list (shown on the previous page). Using the measuring cylinder, I will put 20cm3 of distilled water into a boiling tube,) I then heat the water using the first fuel until it rises to 100 °C, noting the time every 10 °C starting from 20 °C.

Favourite Book Essay

The best book ever is German First of all I have to admit that I’m not a great book-lover, I don’t read a lot and this is a pity as I know I could improve my knowledge, my vocabulary, my ability in speaking and my fantasy too, but unfortunately I can’t find lot of free time to dedicate to books. Or, when I find it, I get tired soon and I can’t stay concentrate for a long time. Sometimes I re-discover the pleasure of reading especially when I find a book –or an article- that captures me. This has been the case of Christiane F.- Wir kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo, an extraordinary book I read twice (never happened before) that I can consider my favourite book at all. Christiane is a girl who lived the crazy Seventies in Berlin; in this autobiographic book she tells her unregulated life from the difficulties of the childhood to the age of twenty, when she had just came out of the tunnel of drug. Her rough father divorced from her careless mother and Christiane, with her little sister, had to move to Gropiusstadt, where she met the degrading side of life. When she was 12 she smoke marijuana for the fist time, following with LSD, ephedrine, mandrax, until she turned 14 and took Heroine. Since then, she had been taking drugs almost everyday, earning money with prostitution and little robberies. Her mum, after having found the girl fainted in the bathroom with a syringe in a vein, tried every possible rehab but she succeeded only at the age of 17. Christiane still lives in Berlin, has a child and she has had some relapses, but she never forgets her story, also made of friends who died for overdose. I think her life is told in a super-realistic way, full of passions, feelings and emotions that the reader can sense in first person. I loved so much this book that I went to Berlin and I visited Christiane’s places trying to imagine what was the context like at her age. I have hundreds of thing to add, but I must finish here, so I recommend this book with all my heart !

Internet Censorship Essay - 2832 Words

The Internet distributes more information than any other medium in the world. There are several problems that have emerged along with the Internet, â€Å"As soon as the public began to use the Internet, people began to express concern about its use† (Clark 1). Some groups feel that the World Wide Web is dangerous because of it’s open accessibility, whereas other groups see that the Internet is something that can be used to share knowledge globally. The Internet should not be censored because censorship would restrict Americans’ first amendment rights; regulations have been tried and have failed in the past, and there are better methods of education and protection than censorship. The rights put forth by the first amendment protect the†¦show more content†¦In 1972, the Department of Defense began to oversee and finance the ARPA project and ARPA became DARPA. Better technology was created and approved for use by the government in the mid-seventies, and in January, 1983, a major jump was made in how files were transferred. This was thought of by many to be the birth of the World Wide Web. From 1983 to 1995, several new characteristics were brought into the network to improve and sophisticate it. On April 30, 1995, the Internet was released to the world; the government gave total control to the user and took all hands off (The Internets History and Development). The Internet was now growing at a huge rate and would not be slowed down. By 1996 both Microsoft and Netscape were at war over which Internet web browser would prove to be the better of the two; there were 12.8 million hosts, and half a million websites. In only a year the number of hosts was up to 19.5 million and there were one million web sites (History of the Internet). The idea of a network between computers took a strong hold in the minds of Americans and all over the world. The idea sprouted faster than almost any other technology known to man. Also known as the â€Å"information superhighway† the Internet has almost limitless possibilities because Users can diagnose a ‘virtualShow MoreRelatedCensorship And Censorship Of The Internet985 Words   |  4 Pagesissue of Censorship of the Internet in America has become a trending topic. The internet has been commonly censored to comply with the Digital Millennium Rights Act, but in recent times our government has been requesting more aggressive censorship in order to provide a safer cyberspace. If the American government began to censor the internet, the restriction will result in suppression of freedom of the press, hindering freedom of speech, and reduce the plethora of information on the internet. If AmericaRead MoreInternet Censorship And The Internet941 Words   |  4 Pages More than two decades ago, the Internet was yet to be ubiquitous in the homes of the general public around the world. Today, global users of the Internet has surpassed the 3 billion mark, or approximately 45% of the world population, a trend that is not likely to slow down anytime soon (World Internet Users Statistics and 2015 World Population Stats, 2014). The idealistic vision of self-governance of the Internet has proved to be insufficient and threats to the Internet’s core principles areRead MoreThe Internet and Censorship940 Words   |  4 PagesThe internet is a diverse pool of information that anyone nowadays can have access to. One of the more controversial topics that involves the internet, is the censorship of the internet. Internet censorship can be defined as the control or suppression of what can be accessed, published or viewed on the internet. It’s been hot topic in recent years because many government organizations have been trying to pass many reforms to help push the censorship of the internet, either directly or indirectlyRead More Internet Censorship Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesEveryone has heard of the Internet and how it is going to help set the world free. The Internet is the fastest growing form of communication and is becoming more and more common in the home. Companies these days do big business over the Internet, and online shopping has grown tremendously in the last few years. For instance, the online auction site eBay sells millions of items every year online. Many companies are making even more plans to expand their business to the Internet. Unfortunately, there haveRead MoreInternet Censorship1799 Words   |  8 PagesTechnologies Used In Internet Censorship and Control Murdoch (2013) opines the Internet as an entity where control is always fought over for by those that use it. He further demystifies the internet, breaking it down to the two protocols that define it. These are the transmission control protocol – TCP- and the Internet Protocol –Ip. It is these protocols that enable the connection of two separate networks to each other. The protocols enable the easy connection of separate networks, without theRead MoreCensorship And Censorship Of The Internet1754 Words   |  8 PagesCensorship of the Internet is on the rise in highly populated states today. Although the Internet is considered as one of the most significant tools for the public sphere, many users have decried the Internet’s benefits and seen the Internet as a ‘double-edged sword’. Even as the Internet connects most of the world and gives valuable access to information, the same tool allows access to material that may be considered dangerous or harmfu l. The recent increase in discussion on the act of censorshipRead MoreThe Censorship Of Internet Censorship3057 Words   |  13 Pages Internet Censorship Student’s Name: Institution Name: Internet Censorship Internet censorship refers to the suppression and control of what people can access, publish, or view on the cyberspace (Reynolds, 2014). It may be done by regimes or private firms at the command of the government. It can be a government’s initiative is or carried out by regulators. Organizations and individuals may practice self-censorship for religious, business or moral reasons to comply with societal normsRead More Internet Censorship Essay1726 Words   |  7 PagesInternet Censorship The freedom of speech that was possible on the Internet could now be subjected to governmental approvals. For example, China is attempting to restrict political expression, in the name of security and social stability. It requires users of the Internet and electronic mail (e-mail) to register, so that it may monitor their activities. In the United Kingdom, state secrets and personal attacks are off limits on the Internet. Laws are strict and the government is extremely interestedRead MoreInternet Censorship Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Censorship Presently, it seems that the Internet is playing a very important role in everyones daily life. This multipurpose network has many different functions useful for everyday work and entertainment. Due to the freedom of the Internet various debates and protests have come to disagree with its open form of communication. Because of the misuse of the internet many people believe that there should be some kind of internet censorship, while others are against internet censorshipRead More Censorship and the Internet Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation available on the internet many people believe that some of this information should be censored by the United States Government. Whos to say what should be accessible and what should not? Where does it start and stop? Does internet censorship make a nation a safer place to live? There are many countries that don’t allow the use of the internet at all and some countries only censor what they don’t want their citizens to know. Daniel Calingaert said â€Å"The internet has provided greater space