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The Media Helps to Construct National Identity and Loyal...

The media helps to construct national identity and loyal national subjects. Discuss. Introduction In the twenty first century, the media has been transformed into a highly influential tool and segmented to aspects such as print, broadcast, film, outdoor and internet etc. The relationship between the media and construction of national identity is apparent with distinctive representation of nationalism in news coverage of politics, celebrations, tourism and country heritage (Leong, 2001). National identity is the transmission of each generation’s legacy to the next and the enabling of the nation citizen to take pride and identification of the country (Stephan, 2009). A nation positive unique identity breeds patriotism which consequently†¦show more content†¦As such the Singapore flag, pledge and anthem together with the National Day visual display of patriotism and flags on the building are promoted daily in schools and annually on 9th of August with much elaboration and significance. Therefore, it can be seen that media in Singapore are essential tools to promote national identity while supporting the ruling party political regime. Singapore then Prime Minister proposed that the press should support national goals and he states that: â€Å"we want mass media to reinforce, not undermine, the cultural values and social attitudes being inculcated in out school and universities† (Lee, 1971). For that reason, most of Singapore media today is under control of the government or government-linked corporations and are the principal instrument in creating social and political stability as well as advocating government policies and instilling nationalism (Leong, 2001). Also, the government uses Roger Protection Motivation theory (Severin Tankard 1992, p.159) by arousing fear to help influence the cognition, attitude and behaviors intention through the severity, probability and efficacy of an event (Rogers, 1983). Fear appeal like self-censorship; out-of-bound markers and hefty defamation suit are used extensively to control the media and prevent dissenting criticism or anything that will deconstruct the nation identity and subject loyalty. As such, lesser negativity on the nation willShow MoreRelatedSocial Media as a Public Relations Tool in Fashion Industry5164 Words   |  21 PagesCHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION Social media refers to the means of interactions among people in which they create, share, and exchange information and ideas through internet. It could be in the form of magazines, web-blogs, wikis, social networks , podcasts, photographs or pictures, videos, et cetera.. Social media is the easiest, fastest, and the most explosive way to transmit and receive information. Thus they have an immense influence on people, through which brands and orgaisationsRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagescompete on price, directly affects the motivation to build brands. 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Death and Dying Research Paper free essay sample

Every year the seasons change. Every year October comes and goes. Beginning with the Celt’s celebrating the end of the year with past spirits, the Romans celebrating the goddess of orchards, Pomona, to the Christians celebrating Saints day, Halloween is a diverse deathly day. All Hallows Eve, The Vigil of Samhain, and Feast of Pomona are the ancient names for the calendar day of October 31st, the day currently known as Halloween throughout most of the world. Whether a person practices religion or not, Halloween exists in some form; furthermore, it may be loved or may be feared either way Halloween has occurred for centuries and it will continue to occur throughout societies around the world. I. History a. Celts i. Festival of Samhain 1. Samhain – (Sow-win) Celtic word for â€Å"summers end† a. Thought to be the day that dead deceased souls return to Earth. b. Celtic priests were known as Druids. They had magical powers. Druids would build fires during the harvest to sacrifice crops and animals in return for the Druids predicting the future. . Celts believed that when the dead walked the Earth one time a year they were choosing who dies that year. b. Romans i. Romans invaded the Celts, and ruled them for 400 years. ii. Pomona c. Christians i. All Hallows Eve/All Saint’s Day II. Traditions a. Graveyards i. Ghosts were thought to have danced in the graveyards on Halloween. If a person encountered a ghost it was a warning that death was coming. b. Black and Orange i. Black means night/evil ii. Orange means end of harvest c. Costumes i. To blend in with the walking spirits, people dressed in costumes. d. Parties i. Bonfires 1. Were believed to chase away the spirits. ii. Harvest parties 1. Cooking the food of the end of the harvest season to commence the beginning of winter. e. Trick – or – Treating i. Door to Door asking for food. England- children dressed in costumes and went door-to-door asking for cakes. 1. If no cake or treat were giving, children would play a trick on the homeowner. f. Jack-o-Lanterns i. Ireland – Protection from Evil Spirits 1. Irish man named Jack played tricks on the devil. When Jack died the heavens didn’t want, and the hell didn’t want, so he is said to wonder the earth holding a lantern to light his way. Original carved jack-o-lantern was a turnip. (Halloween – Dana Meachen Rau) g. Witches i. Not always evil. Grew into evil. People began thinking that witches were causing disease and death. Also were thought to worship the devil. h. Black Cats i. Celts believed evil spirits returned in the form of black cats. (Halloween – Dana Meachen Rau) ii. Witches turned into black cats. (Halloween – Dana Meachen Rau) III. Day of the Dead a. Mexican Holiday IV. Halloween a. The Now i. Witches are no longer persecuted, as they were 100s of years ago. Wicca is now a recognized religion and practiced throughout the world, yet still feared as devil worship. ii. Commercialized Holiday – Products being sold, No one really knows the meaning behind Halloween; most children think Halloween is just a time for dressing up in costume and collecting candy. There are much less family farming, therefore, there is no need to have an end of harvest festival. iii. Adult Festivals 1. Halloween Horror Nights iv. Trick-or-Treating Now 1. Parents taking children to other neighborhoods 2. Having to check candy for poison Conclusion: Today’s Halloween is not that much different than Halloweens of past, the Festival of Samhain, the Festival of Pamona, and All Hallows Eve. People still fear the meaning of Halloween its symbols and traditions. Black cats are still thought to be evil. Witches are still thought to be devil worshipers; however, they are no longer burned at the stake. There is still trick-or-treating, carving of jack-o-lanterns, bonfires, and parties. Halloween has become more commercialized than traditionally celebrating the end of harvest, predictions of next year’s harvest with an unpredictable winter, and honoring the souls of the dead. Vocabulary Words: . Spirits an animating or vital principle held to give life to physical organisms (Merriam-Webster) 2. Graveyard – Cemetery – A burial ground. (Merriam-Webster) Every year the seasons change. Every year October comes and goes. Beginning with the Celt’s celebrating the end of the year with past spirits (Merriam-Web ster), the Romans celebrating the goddess of orchards, Pomona, to the Christians celebrating Saints day, Halloween is a diverse deathly day. All Hallow’s Eve, The Vigil of Samhain, and Feast of Pomona are the ancient names for the calendar day of October 31st, the day currently known as Halloween throughout most of the world. Whether a person practices religion or not, Halloween exists in some form; furthermore, it may be loved or may be feared either way Halloween has occurred for centuries and it will continue to occur throughout societies around the world. The Celts are a medieval tribal society. The end of the harvest season for the Celts was October 31st. This was the time of the year where the crops were harvested, the livestock were herded in for the winter, and the sun disappeared. Celtic priests were known as Druids. The Druids were believed to be able to predict the future; moreover, it was extremely important to have the future months predicted, for many Celts would not make through the winter months. It was believed that the dead would walk amongst the living on the Eve of October 31st, and the Druids would communicate with the dead through celebration. The Druids would build enormous bonfires and sacrifice crops and animals. They would wear exuberant costumes made of animal parts and dance around the bonfires communicating with the spirits (an animating or vital principle held to give life to physical organisms (Merriam-Webster). This was known as the Festival of Samhain. Samhain is the Celtic word for the â€Å"end of summer† (History. com) (The True History of Halloween) There is a folklore that Samhain was the God of Death, and that he fought with the God of the Sun and won; furthermore, imprisoning the sun for the â€Å"winter†. This theory has never been confirmed. According to religions. com this is just a Pagan scary tale to tell during Halloween. â€Å"The Feast of Samhain was a fearsome night, a dreaded night, a night in which great bonfires were lit to Samana the Lord of Death, the dark Aryan god who was known as the Grim Reaper, the leader of the ancestral Ghosts. Johanna Michaelsen. During the reign of Julius Caesar, the Romans invaded and conquered the Celts. For 400 years, the Romans ruled the Celts. The Goddess Pomona is the goddess of fruit and seeds. She was believed to watch over the crops during the harvesting months. The Romans celebrated her during the end of the harvest s eason between October 31st and November 1st; therefore, combining the Roman Festival of Pomona with the Celt Festival of Samhain making one large festival. The Christians put a spin on October 31st as All Hallows Eve. Candles are lit at the gravestones of the deceased. The following day is All Saint’s Day. It is believed that there is a certain bond between souls in heaven, purgatory, and the living. All Souls or Saints day is a day to celebrate and interact with the bond of the living and the deceased. All three celebrations, The Festival of Samhain, The Festival of Pomona, and All Hallows Eve are in current times combined as Halloween. During a potato famine in the 19th century, droves of Irish came to the Americas. Before this the ritual of Halloween was not celebrated in America. Along with the Irish came Irish cultures. America caught on quickly and by the early 20th century Halloween became a tradition in America. Many of the ancient traditions were practiced in the Americas. There are numerous traditions and images that symbolize Halloween: Graveyards, black and orange, costumes, parties, trick-or-treating, jack-o-lanterns, witches, and black cats are just few of the many images associated with Halloween. Graveyards (burial grounds- Merriam-Webster) are traditionally believed to be where the spirits of the deceased danced on Halloween. It was believed that if one encountered a spirit in the graveyard death was soon to follow. The colors associated with Halloween are black and orange. Black is a sign of death, and orange is the sign for harvest. Black and orange are still the colors associated and used to celebrate Halloween currently. Black cats are thought to be evil spirits or witches that have transformed. People still have superstitions related with black cats; however, the so-called curse of the black cat doesn’t stand if one has a black cat. Witches were not always thought to be evil. This suspicion grew when people started suspecting witches were causing disease and death, while worshiping the devil. There were even witch trials persecuting suspected witches, and finding them guilty without evidence but one person’s suspicion. People found guilt of witchcraft were burned alive. Witchcraft or Wicca is now a respected religion; practicing wiccans worship nature not the devil. Even though, Wiccan is a respected religion, it is still taboo in many cultures; therefore, a practicing â€Å"witch† may never reveal to the world that he or she is. Portraying a witch is a popular Halloween costume currently. Costumes were worn to blend in with the wondering spirits, so they couldn’t differentiate and haunt the living. Costumes are now just as extravagant and used to go trick-or-treating in, go to parties, in haunted houses, or in costume contests. Trick-or-treating during ancient times was when families would go house-to-house asking for cake or food from the end of the harvest. If cake was not provided then tricks were played on the dwelling. In current time, trick-or-treating is a tradition of children dressing in costume going house-to-house asking for candy. A quarter of all candy purchased yearly is sold on Halloween. History. com) Now day’s parents must check children’s candy for injected drugs or other paraphernalia. The older children whom no longer trick-or-treat may go gallivanting around neighborhoods playing tricks on unsuspecting homes; for example: leaving flaming dog poop on door stoops, tepee houses (coving homes in toilet paper), and smashing pumpkin s and mailboxes. Jack-o-lanterns come from the myth of an Irish man named Jack. Jack would play tricks on the Devil. When Jack died, neither heaven nor hell wanted him, so the Devil carved a turnip and put a candle in for Jack to use as a lantern to walk Earth. When the traditions of Halloween came to the Americas, pumpkins were used because they are much easier than to carve than turnips. (Halloween-Dana Meachen Rau) Jack-o-lanterns are used porch decorations or to light a walkway to house for trick-or-treaters and partygoers. (Halloween) Parties and festivals are the most ancient of traditions, hence the Festival of Samhain and the Festival of Samona. Bonfires and harvest parties were an essential part of Halloween. Bonfires were believed to chase away the spirits as well as the ancient Druids used them to talk to the spirits. Bonfires were also used for sharing the harvest with the town as an end of harvest celebration. The present Halloween parties are extravagant and traditional. Many people have one party a year only on Halloween, and they plan all year. Houses are decorated weeks in advance. It is a time to let loose, dress up in costume, and play games for children and adults; bobbing for apples is a traditional Halloween game. There are many festivals. Not in the ancient meaning. Some festivals like Halloween Horror Nights in Orlando, Florida at Universal Studios is held every year for the entire month of October leading up to Halloween. There are numerous haunted house placed throughout the park, dancers and singers perform elaborate street acts, and actors portray scary characters to walk the streets and scare patrons as they wonder around the park in search of the next adrenaline rush scare! A well-known Mexican tradition celebrated during Halloween is the Day of the Dead or Dia de los Muertos. The day of the dead is day to celebrate the spirits walking amongst the living, for it is the complete opposite of Halloween. They welcome the spirits of deceased. It is a colorful celebration of the spirits. The tradition of offering and participation in the celebration is an obligation and vital part of Mexican traditions. It is extremely frowned upon if one does not participate. In other words it taboo to not participate in welcoming the spirits and celebrating the 24 hours they get to spend amongst the living. Gravesites are decorated with colorful decorations welcoming the returning spirits. Favorite foods are set out, and parties happen in graveyards. â€Å"To the inhabitant of New York, Paris, or London, death is a word that is never uttered because it burns the lips. The Mexican on the other hand, frequents it, mocks it, caresses it, sleep with it, entertains it; it is one of his favorite playthings and his most enduring love. † –Octavio Paz – Day of the Dead. Death is not feared in Mexico is embraced. The god of death, Mictlantecuhtli was not fears by ancients Mexicans, the Aztecs. The current celebration has not changed much since the past. The Day of Dead is still a very happy, loud, and colorful celebration of the dead. Today’s Halloween is not that much different than Halloweens of past, the Festival of Samhain, the Festival of Pamona, and All Hallows Eve. People still fear the meaning of Halloween its symbols and traditions. Black cats are still thought to be evil. Witches are still thought to be devil worshipers; however, they are no longer burned at the stake. There is still trick-or-treating, carving of jack-o-lanterns, bonfires, and parties. Halloween has become more commercialized than traditionally celebrating the end of harvest, predictions of next year’s harvest with an unpredictable winter, and honoring the souls of the dead.

Cost Leadership free essay sample

The use of this strategy is primarily to gain an advantage over competitors by reducing operation costs below that of others in the same industry. For example, The Swedish furniture retailer Ikea revolutionized the furniture industry by offering cheap but stylish furniture. Ikea is able to keep its prices low by sourcing its products in low-wage countries and by offering a very basic level of service and it allows Ikea to offer lower prices that attract customer. Differentiation strategy Approach under which a firm aims to develop and market unique products for different customer segments. It is usually employed where a firm has clear competitive advantages, and can sustain an expensive advertising campaign. For example, in consumer electronic there is Sony Company. Sony provide a lot of thing in electronic thing like Vaio for computer, Xperia for hand phone, Sony walkman for music players and etc which they are different from other rival in such their style, specification and quality. We will write a custom essay sample on Cost Leadership or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Focus strategy Refer to the business level strategy based on providing products or services to a specific niche within industry. The firm would narrow its focus on a smaller market niche and decide whether to go for cost leader or differentiation focus. For example firm who decide focus on cost is Mydin that provide low cost product which their focus is for middle class people who can afford their price. While another example for focus on differentiation is Ferrari which have differentiation strategy focus in car industry. They made their product by hand made. Achieving a sustainable competitive advantage over the other competing products and firms in a market is a one of goals for the company. It can be achiece by using Porters Generic Strategies. Diagram above show the three generic business level strategies adopted from Porter, 1985. The three element are cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy and focus strategy. Firstly, i would like to talk about cost leadership strategy. This strategy used by businesses to create a low cost of operation within their niche. The use of this strategy is primarily to gain an advantage over competitors by reducing operation costs below that of others in the same industry. For example, The Swedish furniture retailer Ikea revolutionized the furniture industry by offering cheap but stylish furniture. Ikea is able to keep its prices low by sourcing its products in low-wage countries and by offering a very basic level of service and it allows Ikea to offer lower prices that attract customer. Secondly, differentiation strategy approach under which a firm aims   to develop and market unique product for different customer segment. It is usually employed here a firm has clear competitive advantages and can sustain an expensive advertising campaign. For example, in consumer electronic there is Sony Company. Sony provide a lot of thing in electronic thing like Vaio for computer, Xperia for hand phone, Sony walkman for music players and etc which they are different from other rival in such their style, specification and quality. Last strategy is focus strategy which refer to the business level strategy based on providing products or services to a specific niche within industry. It also diveded into two form which cost based focus and differentiation focus. The firm would narrow its focus on a smaller market niche and decide whether to go for cost leader or differentiation focus. For example firm who decide focus on cost is Mydin, a grocery stores   that provide low cost product which their focus is for middle class people who can afford their price. While another example for focus on differentiation is Ferrari which have differentiation strategy focus in car industry. They made their product by hand made and their focus are for rich people who are willing to pay a high price in order to get differentiation from others. As conclusion, here are some strategies that firm can take in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage  over the other competing products and firms in a market which using Porters Generic Strategies and some of example from me to make you all have firm to make sample for reference. I hope you can understand and can use it as a new plan strategies in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage over the other competing products and firms in a market.

Strategic Role of Communication in A Cross Cultural Project Team

Chapter 10 Essay Example

Chapter 10 Essay Example Chapter 10 Paper Chapter 10 Paper Essay Topic: Literature In Nancy Walkers fifth-grade classroom, some students are reading above grade-level and some students have not yet become fluent readers. This teachers classroom library should contain: books written at a range of reading levels. In reading workshop, students get critical feedback from their teacher to help them develop as readers during: Conferencing The primary difference between reading workshop and Sustained Silent Reading (SSR) is that only during reading workshop do: teachers provide instruction. In writing workshop, students move through the writing process: At their own pace The benefits of sharing time during writing workshop include all of the following except: it is an appropriate use of time when students have writers block. Which of the following allotments of time is the least appropriate for these components of writing workshop? Independent writing: 10-15 minutes Which of the following statements is not true about establishing a workshop environment? Reading and writing workshops should be part of daily language arts learning. Of the following, the most important feature of literature circles is that students: Select their own reading material The primary purpose of specific roles for literature circles (e.g., word wizard, discussion director, etc.) is to: focus students on aspects of the text that facilitate comprehension and can guide student discussions. In reading logs related to literature circles, it is appropriate for students to write about all of the following except: Personal narratives Which of the following statements is not true with respect to choosing books for literature circles? The teacher does not need to be familiar with all of the book choices When implementing literature circles, effective teachers address strategies and skills by: Teaching mini-lessons The most significant focus of literature circle assessment is on: comprehension demonstrated through reading response. Literature focus units are built around: narrative texts, informational texts, or poetry. Students often create projects at the culmination of literature focus units. A primary goal of these projects is: for students to apply their learning. When a teacher planned a three-month unit based on the novel Because of Winn-Dixie, the principal correctly advised her that: a literature focus unit should be completed in less time. Which of the following is the least significant when constructing the instructional focus of a literature focus unit? The focus used in years past with the text Designing checklists and rubrics is a part of which step in developing a literature focus unit? Assessing students Of the following, the most appropriate way for a teacher using literature focus units to monitor students learning and assign grades would be to: use folders and an assignment checklist. The most distinguishing characteristic of basal reading programs is that they usually have A strong skills component A third-grade student appears to be constantly frustrated by the reading in his anthology. The first thing the teacher should evaluate is the: match of the reading level of the text to the students instructional reading level. When using basal reading programs, effective teachers determine the order in which to introduce various strategies by: using the scope-and-sequence chart included with the reading program. Which of the following is not true regarding the support offered by basal reading programs for struggling readers and English learners (ELs)? Struggling readers and English learners are able to access the lower-level texts provided for independent reading. Which of the following is a characteristic specific to anthologies designed for the primary grades? Features pictures of children and animals Related Papers Approaches to Teaching Reading Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction of Meaning Summary Seven laws of teaching Sex Education The future is in the hands of a teacher. I Want to Be a Teacher Kay hat Schools Should Ask Students to Evaluate Their Teachers Classroom Assessment How to Teach Language Through Poetry Research Proposal on the Topic Internal Assessment System Critical Thinking Deductive Method Versus Inductive Method Education Philosophy Outline How to cite this page Choose cite format: Chapter 10. (2018, Jan 23). Retrieved from https://paperap.com/paper-on-chapter-10/'>APA "Chapter 10." PaperAp.com, 23 Jan 2018, https://paperap.com/paper-on-chapter-10/'>MLA PaperAp.com. (2018). Chapter 10. [Online]. Available at: https://paperap.com/paper-on-chapter-10/[Accessed: 21 Sep. 2019]'>Harvard "Chapter 10." 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Deadline Paper type Essay (Any Type) Admission Essay Annotated Bibliography Argumentative Essay Article Review Book/Movie Review Business Plan Case Study Coursework Creative Writing Critical Thinking Presentation or Speech Research Paper Research Proposal Term Paper Thesis Other Article (Any Type) Content (Any Type) Q&A Capstone Project Dissertation Lab Report Scholarship Essay Math Problem Statistic Project Research Summary Assignment Dissertation chapter Speech Dissertation chapter: Abstract Dissertation chapter: Introduction Dissertation chapter: Hypothesis Dissertation chapter: Literature Review Dissertation chapter: Methodology Dissertation chapter: Analysis/Results Dissertation chapter: Discussion Dissertation chapter: Conclusion Dissertation Proposal Thesis Statement Thesis Proposal Application Essay Pages 550 words(double spaced) 126 writers online Check Price A limited time offer! Get custom paper sample written according to your requirements urgent 3h delivery guaranteed Order now Chapter 10 Paper Declarative knowledge enables you to interpret what you see and hear around you, recognize important people and places in your life, and recall past events. Episodic memory one’s memory of personal life experiences and are remembered events that we’ve personally experienced. Semantic memory one’s general knowledge of the world, independent of those experiences; semantic memories typically stay with us longer than episodic memories. Conditional knowledge includes information about how to respond under different circumstances. Conceptual knowledge declarative and procedural knowledge merge together into conceptual knowledge which reflects our understanding of why certain events happened, why certain things are the way they are, and why certain procedures are effective but others are not. the integration of numerous concepts plus other declarative knowledge into general understandings of certain situations or phenomena. Explicit knowledge vs. Implicit knowledge Explicit knowledge > knowledge that we can EASILY recall and explain. Implicit knowledge > knowledge that we can’t consciously recall. How is knowledge encoded into long-term memory? Knowledge is encoded in long-term memory in ways that reflect something’s physical characteristics or as physical actions or encoding symbols represented by words. What does encoding in physical terms mean? Perception-based forms of encoding are often referred to as imagery. Photographic memory > eidetic imagery. Visual imagery involves envisioning motion and sometimes has a spatial component, in that an individual can imagine how objects might be manipulated arranged, or rearranged in space > Visuospatial memory. Gestures often seem to represent aspects of visual or spatial encoding and may communicate implicit knowledge. What does encoding in terms of actions mean? Action-based encoding is important in procedural knowledge, when that knowledge involves psychomotor skills. Productions When procedural knowledge involves conditional knowledge, when it involves knowing what to do under varying circumstances. Productions can best be described as a set of IF-THEN rules and are presumably involved in procedures that have significant cognitive component.o IF: specifies the condition under which a particular action will occur.o THEN: specifies what the action will actually be. What does encoding through symbols mean? A symbol is something that represents an object or event, often without bearing much resemblance of the thing it stands for. Propositions Meanings are stored as propositions > small units of knowledge concerning relationships among objects or events.1. can stand as a separate statement or assertion.2. can be judged as being either true or false. Arguments objects or events that are the topics of the proposition. Relation a description of an argument or a relationship among two or more arguments. Can one piece of information be encoded in multiple ways? Yes, we sometimes encode the same information simultaneously in two or more different ways. Long-term memory also includes innumerable interconnects among bits of knowledge about different things. Associationistic various pieces of information stored in long-term memory are either directly or indirectly associated with one another. learners relate and organize their long-term memories somewhat uniquely because their past experiences have been different. What are some long-term organizational systems? 1. Hierarchy2. Network3. Parallel distributed processing Long-Term as a Hierarchy Long-term memory organization can be information stored in hierarchies; superordinate information at the top and more specific, subordinate information below. The farther apart the two components were in the hierarchy, the longer it would take to verify a statement. Creating categories > facilitates meaningful learning.Drawbacks: Much of the information we learn does not have a hierarchical quality to it. Long-Term as a Network A network model portrays memory as consisting of many pieces of information interconnected through a variety of associations. Different individuals have networks with somewhat different associations. The propositional network is one in which propositions and their interrelationships are stored in a network-like fashion. We can characterize meaningful learning as a process of storing new propositions with related propositions in the network. Long-Term as Parallel distributed process Information is stored in the form of an integrated collection of entities called nodes. Any single node may be associated with many different pieces of information as a unique network of interconnected nodes. Parallel Distributed Processing Parallel distributed processing (PDP) or connectionism: pieces of information are stored in a distributed fashion throughout long-term memory, with numerous nodes being processed simultaneously. the multidimensional nature of even the simplest of ideas. fill in missing information when a stimulus is incomplete. the PDP model tends to portray learning as a gradual process of strengthening and weakening associations. Concept is a mental grouping of objects or events that are similar in some way. Concrete concept are easily identified by physical appearance. Abstract concepts have underlying similarities that aren’t readily observable on the surface. Positive instances vs. Negative instances A positive instance is a particular example of a concept vs. a negative instance is a nonexample of the concept. Undergeneralization vs. Overgeneralization Undergeneralization reflects an inability to recognize all positive instances. Overgeneralization reflects an inability to reject all negative instances. What do people learn about concepts? Concepts includes knowing that certain features are important for positive instances. Defining features are characteristics that must be present in ALL positive instances. Correlational features are frequently found in positive instances but aren’t essential for concept membership. A prototype, or typical example of the concept. Numerous examples, or exemplars. How do people learn concepts? Behaviorists: a concept not as a mental entity but rather as a common response to a variety of stimuli. Contemporary psychologists: a relatively passive buildup of associations may form the basis of some concepts. In some instances learners may form various hypotheses about a concept’s meaning and then use positive and negative instances to confirm or reject each hypothesis. Someone provides a definition. When are concepts easier to learn? The more obvious the features of a concept are, the easier the concept is to master. What facilitates concept learning? A good definition describes the concept in terms of other concepts with which students are already familiar with. What can help illustrate a concept? Numerous and varied positive instances help to illustrate a concept. Negative instances are helpful in defining the concept’s limits and preventing overgeneralization. Sequential presentation a series of positive and negative instances one at a time over a period of weeks, months, or years. Learners must store what they’ve learned from each instance in long-term memory, where it is likely to be forgotten. Simultaneous presentation in which people can see a number of positive and negative instances all at once. What role do classroom assessments have in concept learning? Classroom assessment tasks can enhance as well as monitor concept learning. Schema usually refers to a closely connected set of ideas related to a specific object or event. Schemas and scripts provide a means for reducing this information overload. Focus their attention on things that are likely to be important and to ignore what’s probably unimportant. They enable people to make sense of incomplete information. Personal theory People form general theories – coherent beliefs systems that encompass cause-and-effect relationships – about many aspects of the world around them. Personal theories about the world seem to guide people as they identify potential defining features of concepts they’re learning. Personal theories help people organize and make sense of personal experiences and information. Theory theory a theoretical perspective about people’s everyday theories. Theory theory is quite useful in helping us understand why people sometimes misconstrue the world around them. Personal theories vs. Reality People’s erroneous notions about the world probably have a variety of sources and sometimes misconceptions result from how things appear to be. fostered by common expressions in language. may cause an individual to infer incorrect cause-and-effect relationships. are mistaking correlation for causation. well-engrained misconceptions about the topic. acquire scientifically acceptable understandings is more difficult. What can help learners tie ideas together and enhance their understanding of concepts? Physical models can help learners tie ideas together. Mental modes > representations of how particular concepts and principles interrelateo Group interaction can enhance learners’ theoretical understanding. Worldview A worldview is a general set of beliefs and assumptions about reality > about how things are and should be, which influence understandings of a wide variety of phenomena. Worldviews encompass implicit rather than explicit knowledge. Conceptual change The process of replacing one personal theory or belief system with another, presumably more adaptive one; tightly interconnected sets of ideas. Conceptual change occurs gradually over a lengthy time period. Confirmation bias o Learners existing beliefs affect their interpretations of new information.o Most learners have confirmation bias, which is when learners tend to look for information that confirms their existing beliefs and to ignore/discredit any contradictory evidence. Is it possible to change a learners misconception of a concept? Yes, but changing misconceptions involves changing an entire organized body of knowledge. People learn new info without letting go of their prior beliefs, so that long-term memory simultaneously holds inconsistent ideas. Sometimes this happens because people learn the new info at a rote level, What can cause a learner to keep a tight hold of a misconception? Learners may have personal or emotional investment in their existing beliefs. Their beliefs may be an integral part of their religion, life style, or culture. Learners may interpret challenges to their belief systems as threats to their self-efficacy When are learners more likely to replace misconceptions? Students are more likely to replace a misconception with a more accurate understanding, if they’re thinking about both ideas at the same time. Refutational text possible objections to a particular explanation are presented and then discredited. Experts Their knowledge tends to be tightly organized, with many interrelationships among the things they know and with many abstract generalizations unifying more concrete details. What are the stages in the acquisition of knowledge? 1. Acclimation: learners familiarize themselves with a new content domain > fragmented learning2. Competence: learners acquire considerably more info about the subject matter, and they also acquire some general principles that help tie the info together and they correct many of the specific misconceptions they’ve previously developed.3. Expertise: learners have truly mastered their field and they know a great deal about the subject matter. What affect do concepts have on general knowledge? Concepts reduce the world’s complexity. Concepts allow abstraction of the environment. Concepts enhance the power of thought. Concepts facilitate inferences and generalization to new situations. Concepts make it easier for us to make connections.

Creativity in the classroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Creativity in the classroom - Essay Example Some teachers may take hands off attitude in terms of not caring whether students concentrate on the subject taught in the classroom. With such an attitude, teachers may engage in ignoring difficult topics they feel may not attract the attention of students. Students on their part, may engage in shifting blame on their teachers for failing or losing interest on a course or subject (Boyer 82). Professors need to come up with creative measures that will enhance the student interest on a subject or course. How one teaches, impacts on the students concentration in the classroom. Teachers need to make the subjects or topics they teach in the classroom more interesting and rewarding for both the teacher and the student. In addition, the teachers need to relate with students in a manner that is informal, prior to beginning a lesson in a classroom setting. This helps in creating a working alliance between the teacher and student in the classroom setting and ease up tensions while teaching su bjects’ students regard as tough to understand. I concur with Boyer on his suggestion that teachers should focus on caring for their students since, it allows students to interact positively with their teachers and concentrate more on what is taught in the classroom. ... s, students lack interest in studying and engage in practices such as cheating in their assignments, they buy term papers and this impacts negatively on the education system (Boyer 85). Professors need to develop personal interest in their student’s progress and related to courses they teach in the classroom. As part of enhancing creativity in the classroom, teachers need to encourage student participation where, the students have the opportunity to speak or reflect their views on the subject being taught. This way, students develop interest to learn more and gain understanding of the subject being taught. It is true that the class size matters in terms of improving student concentration in a class. The moment a class is packed, the teachers are not able to keep track with the student’s performance in class. The only students who benefit in such an environment are the bright students while those struggling in class continue to lose and underperform (Boyer 86). In additi on, a controlled class size provides the teachers with ample time to check on each student’s effort and performance in the class. Quality education require lecturers to focus their concentration on both lower and upper courses. In most colleges, it is a common trend for lecturers not to focus their attention on lower courses and give more attention to the upper division courses. Small class enhance discussions compared to a large size class where the attention span for student is affected by engaging on other distracting activities because the lecturer is unable to keep track of every student in the classroom. As reiterated by Boyer, freshmen need to be taught by finest teachers and small size classes that promotes lively participation in class discussion and improve student interest in their